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\vspace*{\fill}
{\centering 
	\huge \textbf{Building Durable}
	
	\huge \textbf{Communities}
	
	\vspace{1em} % Space between title and subtitle
	\Large Security and Stability Comes
	
	From Working Together\par % Add your subtitle
}
\vspace*{\fill}
	
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\vspace{1cm}
	
	{\centering \huge \textbf{Referenced Readings} \par}
	
	\begin{multicols}{2}
		\begin{enumerate}
			
			\item \textbf{ Governing the Commons  by Ellinor Ostrum (Specifically p90-p102) } 
			
			\qrcode[height=30mm]{https://archive.org/details/governingthecommons}
			
			\item \textbf{The Democracy Project by David Graeber  (Specifically Chapter 2)  "Consensus"} 
			
			\qrcode[height=30mm]{https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-graeber-the-democracy-project#toc21}
			
			\item \textbf{Building Belonging by Yana Ludwig} 
			
			\qrcode[height=30mm]{https://github.com/How-To-Build-a-Commons/Scope-Sequencing/releases/download/0.0.11/Building-Belonging-FINAL-E-book-iwmkwg.epub}
			
			\item \textbf{Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber  (Chapter 11)} 
			
			\qrcode[height=30mm]{https://files.libcom.org/files/__Debt__The_First_5_000_Years.pdf}
			
			\item \textbf{"Violence Vouchers: a descriptive account of property" by Matt Bruenig} 
			
			\qrcode[height=30mm]{https://web.archive.org/web/20250426111925/https://mattbruenig.com/2014/03/28/violence-vouchers-a-descriptive-account-of-property/}
			
			\item \textbf{Source Of This Document}
			
			\qrcode[height=30mm]{https://github.com/How-To-Build-a-Commons/HowToBuildACommonsWorkbooks/releases/tag/VERSIONNUMBER}
			
			
			
			
		\end{enumerate}
	\end{multicols}
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\section{Durable Communities}
	
	\vspace{0.2cm}
	
	A durable community is one that is designed to last for generations. The intent towards durability does create some limitations on the kinds of communities that you can create. 
	
	By durable we mean an organization that is intended to have stability long after all of the original organizers have moved on or passed the organization down to the next generation. Members of such an organization should have guaranteed rights to access the fruits of the organization, but do not have the right to destroy or dismember the organization. 
	
	\subsection{How does an organization have durability?}
	
	An organization may have durability when organizers create structures that add the design features of a stable commons. We can see a breakdown of these design principals in section 2. 
	
	In addition to the organization structure, when decisions are made through a consensus process is also an important feature. We can see a breakdown of the consensus process in section 4.
	
	Durability is supported by members having trust in mutual aid with each other. We can see a process for boot-strapping trust in section 6.  
	
	\subsection{How does an organization lack durability?}
	
	When members have a shareholder model then there needs to be a cash-out process. Cash-outs can destabilize an organization. This is treating shared resources like an investment, instead of a commons. 
	
	When an organization is transitioned from one generation to the next as ownership, there is a problem where the inheritors may not be interested in participation. Disinterested members might want to exit the organization, and get their personal value back out of it. Members exiting without a desire to maintain stability can cause destabilization. 
	
	\subsection{How can commons be made durable?}
	
	Commons, if designed well, and governed well, could be a much more stable structure than cooperative private ownership. In the first generation, both a commons and a cooperatively owned business have similar benefits and stability to the members. The generational turnover is very different. A commons will use the decision making process established to accept new members when a previous member leaves or passes away. Allowing the commons to decide who ought to be included in future operation, stabilizes the organization. 
	
	\subsection{"7 Generation" Thinking}
	
	As a principal, we think that actions taken by an individual or group should take into account the effect 7 generations down the line. We think that building structures that provide abundant access to resources for generations from now is a design goal of organizing new communities and resources. 
	
	
	
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\section{What is a Common}
	
	\vspace{0.2cm}
	
	As we live in a world that is entirely governed by markets, I find myself wondering, can we make some of the world different? It turns out that there is a type of managing resources that is different than the State ownership, and different than private ownership, it's commons ownership. 
	
	A commons is some piece of the physical world that is managed by a community for the benefit of that community. A commons can be a shared resource that community members share time using in turn. A commons can also manage a consumed resource that is allocated to community members according to the agreements of the community. A community member that receives something from a commons is an "appropriator".
	
	A commons can be managed in a very large variety of ways. Members create the rules that are used to govern their own commons. Some commons are more and less stable over time, depending on what rules the community chooses to adopt. 
	
	
	Lets review some design principals used by people across the world for stable commons. These principals were derived by Ostrum from a datasets of commons' that have been operating for at least 200 years. 
	
	"
	\begin{enumerate}
		
		\item {Clearly defined boundaries}
		
		Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from the commons must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the commons itself.
		
		
		\item{ Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions}
		
		Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions and to provision rules requiring labor, material, and/or money.
		
		
		\item{Collective-choice arrangements}
		
		community members can participate in modifying the operational rules.
		
		
		\item{Monitoring}
		
		Monitors, who actively audit commons conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators.
		
		
		\item{Graduated sanctions}
		
		Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or by both. See the reading for many varied examples. 
		
		
		\item{Conflict-resolution mechanisms}
		
		Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials.
		
		
		
		\item{Minimal recognition of rights to organize}
		
		The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities. Essentially property rights need to exist and be assigned to the commons itself. 
		
		For commons that are parts of larger systems:
		
		\item{Nested enterprises}
		
		Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises.
		
		"\footnote{"Governing the Commons p90"}
		
	\end{enumerate}
	\vspace{0.2cm}
	Always remember that building a common is a step-by-step process. You will start with whatever resources and rules you have, and add to the framework over time. The whole idea is to have the rules reflect the needs of the members of the commons. We are all screw-ups some times, and that is ok! We can always evolve our systems over time and bring them in line with our shared values. 
	
	
	
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\section{Why Build a Common?}
	
	From the Yana Ludwig reading:
	
	
	\subsection{Spiritual or Religious}
	\subsection{Cultural Preservation}
	\subsection{Social Experimentation}
	\subsection{Service-based}
	Elements of service are common among intentional communities. Some are organized around the idea of service, while others have programs that serve the broader communities. This can include organizations that work with homeless populations or even organizations that run bulk food purchasing clubs.
	\subsection{Economic Security}
	In high cost of living areas, communities formed around economic security can be particularly effective at allowing creative and other groups to remain in place as costs rise. Communities can use tools such as income pooling, cost splitting, or cooperatively run business ventures to support economic access.
	\subsection{Identity-based Safe Havens}
	"From war resistance to LGBTQIA+ enclaves to liberatory organizing for Black power, identity-based safe havens are another reason people do community." It facilitates marginalized communities organize and normalize their identities withing the group. They allow individuals to grow, a place to belong not be set apart.
	\subsection{Lifestyle and Comfort Enhancement}
	\subsection{Ecological Sustainability}
	
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\section{What is Consensus Process?}
	
	Consensus is a process where everyone should be able to weigh in equally on a decision, and no one should be bound by a decision they detest. This boils doing in practice to: Everyone who feels they have (something relevant to the commons) to say about a proposal ought to have their perspectives carefully considered. When making decision for the commons, every member should have the right to participate equally.
	
	"Everyone who has strong concerns or objections should have those concerns or objections taken into account and, (if allowed by the commons structure), addressed in the final form of the proposal.
	
	Anyone who feels a proposal violates a(n organizing principal of the common) should have the opportunity to veto (“block”) that proposal.
	
	No one should be forced to go along with a decision to which they did not assent. Likewise, meetings should not be held when there is not a problem to be solved. 
	
	A consensus meeting needs some structure to function. When running a meeting there are some roles that need to be filled. Someone needs to act as the facilitator. A facilitator keeps the notes on the meeting and keeps the current version of the proposal. Their role is to ensure that the proposals and objections are recorded accurately. A time keeper is needed to ensure that the agreed upon time limit for speaking is adhered to. Someone should also be keeping track of hands raised to keep the order of the discussion. If just one person is available, they could fulfill these roles themselves, but if the task is shared, then that is preferable. 
	
	\begin{enumerate}[]
		\item (A member of the common) makes a proposal for a certain course of action
		\item The facilitator asks for clarifying questions to make sure everyone understands precisely what is being proposed
		\item the facilitator asks for concerns
		\begin{enumerate}
			\item during the discussion those with concerns may suggest friendly amendments to the proposal to address the concern, which the person originally bringing the proposal may or may not adopt
			\item there may or may not be a temperature check about the proposal, an amendment, or the seriousness of a concern
			\item in the course of this the proposal might be scotched, reformulated, combined with other proposals, broken into pieces, or tabled for later discussion.
		\end{enumerate}
		\item the facilitator checks for consensus by:
		\begin{enumerate}
			\item asking if there are any stand-asides. By standing aside one is saying “I don’t like this idea, and wouldn’t take part in the action, but I’m not willing to stop others from doing so”. It is always important to allow all those who stand aside to have a chance to explain why they are doing so.
			
			\item asking if there are any blocks. A block is not a “no” vote. It is much more like a veto. Perhaps the best way to think of it is that it allows anyone in the group to temporarily don the robes of a Supreme Court justice and strike down a piece of legislation they consider unconstitutional; or, in this casein violation of the fundamental principles of unity or purpose of being of the group. Note: I should note that the usual language in Occupy Wall Street is that a block has to be based on a “moral, ethical, or safety concern that’s so strong you’d consider leaving the movement were the proposal to go forward”.,
			
		\end{enumerate}
	\end{enumerate}
	" \footnote{Democracy Project - Chapter 2 }
	\pagebreak
	
	
	\begin{center}
		\consensusflowchart{0.9}{\large}
	\end{center}
	
	\linedpagetwo
	
	\vspace{1cm}
	\pagebreak
	
	
	\section{What is Property?}
	\subsection{ Legal Definitions}
	
	This category is referred to as "Private Property" and is a collection of a few distinct rights. These are the rights enforced by and recognized by law. 
	
	\begin{enumerate}
		
		\item \textbf{Usufruct} - the right to use and receive the value from a piece of the physical world
		
		\item \textbf{Destruction} - the right to destroy a piece of the physical world
		
		\item \textbf{Exclusion} -  the right to exclude others
		
		\item \textbf{Increase (rent)} - the right to receive rents
	\end{enumerate}
	
	
	
	\subsection{Categories in a Commons}
	
	Within a Commons, once the external entity has been assigned Private Property rights within the law, then that "bubble" can ascribe the rights according to its own rules. The commons can allocate areas of the pieces of the physical world that it manages (the clearly defined boundaries). The allocations can be for consumed aspects (the increase), it can be to assign use terms (Usufruct), and it can determine to what degree exclusion and destruction are used within the commons.
	
	
	\subsection{Personal Property} The items or space that is exclusively assigned along the legal definition. These can be either private property that came with someone into the commons, or can be the appropriators allocated share of some bounty. 
	
	
	\subsection{Commons Space} This is the piece of the physical world that may have Usufruct allocated to members, or the public. These generally have the right of destruction held within the commons (for repairs and upgrades). The right to exclude is also held by the commons itself to determine if and when people can or will be excluded. 
	
	\subsection{Public Space} This is space held by the state that assigned property rights. Examples would be the roads, infrastructure and public lands such as parks. 
	
	
	
	\pagebreak
	{\section{What We Owe to Each Other}}
	
	
	
	\begin{minipage}[t]{2.7in}
		\vspace{0pt}
		"In a typical village, the only people likely to pay cash were passing
		travelers, and those considered riff-raff: paupers and ne'er-do-wells so
		notoriously down on their luck that no one would extend credit to
		them. Since everyone was involved in selling something, however just
		about everyone was both creditor and debtor; most family income took
		the form of promises from other families; everyone knew and kept
		count of what their neighbors owed one another; and every six months
		or year or so, communities would hold a general public " reckoning,"
		cancelling debts out against each other in a great circle, with only those
		differences then remaining when all was done being settled by use of
		coin or goods." \footnotemark
		
		\vspace{0.2cm}
		
		While it is a nice idea that we all would simply start trusting each other and immediately support each other, it is unrealistic to imagine it would spontaneously occur. Here is a mechanism for boot-strapping such a system in a world where people are familiar with money exchange. 
		
		{\centering \textbf{Maker Checks}\par}
		
		A modern version of the village exchange loops would be the idea of Maker Checks. A way of ensuring the value of a check is the known products of the maker. The specialty of the maker can be specified in the notes, acting as a value-backing for the check. The back side has lines for signing over to whom the check is personally owed. When the check is passed, the name is signed on the back. A check can continue to circulate as a medium of exchange until it expires or it is redeemed by the signatory. The exchange rate of the individuals involved is determined when they compare their personal labor time against the time equivalence on the face value on the check.
		
		Anyone has the ability to create credit, so long as they have the trust of their community. Exchange can be facilitated by communities trusting one another. By passing the promise around, a whole community of exchange can be facilitated. The  basis for all exchange is to realize that we are always in each others debt, and that personalized debt is what creates society itself. 
		
		
		
		%This generates the check
	\end{minipage}%
	\vspace{0.2cm}
	\begin{minipage}[t]{2.3in}
		\vspace{0pt}
		\centering
		
		\makercheck
		
		\vspace{0.1cm}
		{\footnotesize Cut along the dotted line}
	\end{minipage}
	\footnotetext{Debt: The First 5000 Years Page 327}
	%End of the check
	
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\linedpagetwo
	
	\linedpagetwo
	
	\pagebreak
	
	\section{HOW-TO Build A Common}
	
	
	Lets imagine we would actually like to put these ideas into practice. 
	
	\begin{enumerate}
		
		\item The first task is to gather together a group of your community to discuss what to organize. Using the stated principals in this pamphlet is an easy way to begin discussion. A group can change any and all frameworks laid out here. The important part is to agree on principals of decision making and intent as the starting point. Everything starts by talking to the people around you. 
		
		\item Define a piece of the physical world with clearly defined boundaries. A clearly defined boundary will be some piece or pieces of the physical world that can be assigned as property by the legal system in which you reside. The group that is gathering can use the consensus process to determine what piece of the physical world they wish to manage. If it is a purchase of a property to manage, discuss the monthly input committed by each member, and compare that to the available real estate and financing terms. A trust is a legal structure that can be used with a charter of assigned property and access rights to bridge cooperative decision making internally with the legal structure external to the cooperative. 
		
		\item Establish problem solving strategies and conflict resolution forums. This can simply be that you agree to call a consensus meeting whenever there is a commons related decision that needs to be made. Ostrums book contains many different forms of problem solving systems if you need more examples. 
		
	\end{enumerate}
	
	
	
	\pagebreak
	
	
	\section{A Call To Action}
	
	{\fontsize{11pt}{11pt}\selectfont
				I don't want to run a business. I don't want to manage or profit from
		anyone. I should like to help everyone - if possible - Man, Woman -
		young - old. We all want to help one another. Human beings are like
		that. We want to live by each other's happiness - not by each other's
		misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world
		there is room for everyone. And the good earth is rich and can provide
		for everyone. This way of life can be free and beautiful... but we have
		lost the way.
		
		Greed has poisoned our souls, has barricaded the world with hate, has
		drone-striked us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but
		we have shut ourselves in. The robotics that gives abundance has left us in
		want. Our knowledge has made us cynical. Our cleverness, hard and
		unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than markets we need
		humanity. More than profitability we need kindness and gentleness.
		Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost....
		
		The internet and the smartphone have brought us closer together. The
		very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in humanity -
		cries out for universal kinship - for the unity of us all. Even now my
		words could reach millions throughout the world - millions of
		despairing men, women, and little children - victims of a system that
		makes us choose either wage slavery or homeless destitution.
		
		To those who can hear me, I say - do not despair. The misery that is now
		upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of those who fear
		the way of human progress. The rise of automation has taken so much away
		from so many, and the rewards, taken by the Corporations. As long as
		\textbf{we} have the ability to invent, \textbf{what which was taken} can
		\textbf{not} be kept for long....
		
		To the Makers among us, don't give your \textbf{time,} your
		\textbf{creativity,} your \emph{\textbf{life}} to a Corporation! An
		organization designed for the sole purpose of greed; Designed to take as
		much as possible for itself, to maximize shareholder value! Don't live
		for greed, \textbf{Design for Freedom!} We the Makers have the power to
		build Our Own automated production. \textbf{The power to create abundance!} We the Makers have the power to make this life Free and
		Beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure! In the name of
		Community and Free Information let us use this power, let us all unite
		towards a common project. Let us design a free and open source
		production system to provide \textbf{abundance for \emph{all}}\emph{.}
		By the promise of abundance Corporations have risen to power. But they
		lie! They do not fulfill that promise. \textbf{They never will!} Free
		markets free Corporations, but they enslave the people! Now let us
		design a better world, a world of local sustainable automated abundance
		- to do away with greed, with hate and domination. Let us design for a
		world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all
		humanity's freedom. \textbf{Makers!} in the name of Freedom and
		Community, \textbf{LET US ALL UNITE!}\footnote{Credit: Charlie Chaplin, Reworked by Kevin Harrington}
	}
	
\end{document}
