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drivers/mtd/w25n: implement bad block management
Use the chip's built-in 20-entry non-volatile Bad Block Management Look-Up Table (datasheet section 8.2.7) to transparently route around bad blocks. Init: - Reserve the top 24 blocks of the array as a spare pool - Clamp the MTD geometry to W25N_USER_BLOCKS = 1000 so upper layers never see the spare area (125 MB usable instead of 128 MB) - Force BUF=1 alongside enabling ECC. The W25N01GVxxIT variant power-ups with BUF=0 (Continuous Read mode), in which Read Data ignores the column address and always starts at byte 0 - which silently broke any read targeting a non-zero column (OOB markers, sub-page reads in w25n_read). - Scan all 1024 blocks for factory bad markers (non-FFh at byte 0 of the spare area of page 0) and remap any user-area bad blocks via the A1h BBM command. Idempotent across reboots: blocks already present in the LUT are skipped, so repeated scans don't consume LUT slots. Runtime: - On E-FAIL from w25n_block_erase or P-FAIL from w25n_program_execute, allocate a spare and issue A1h, then retry the operation once. The chip routes the retry to the spare PBA transparently. Data buffer is reloaded on program retry. - Uncorrectable read ECC is left as -EIO (soft errors shouldn't trigger permanent remap, and remapping discards data we may still recover). Safeguards against burning LUT slots on bogus bad blocks: - w25n_pick_free_spare erases each candidate spare as an active proof of life before returning it - the factory OOB marker alone isn't trusted. - w25n_bbm_swap rejects A1h with LBA outside the user area or PBA outside the spare pool. Stack discipline for the logger-thread hot path: - The 20-entry cached LUT lives in the device struct, not on the stack. - w25n_read_bbm_lut decodes 4 bytes at a time instead of reading the full 80-byte LUT dump into a local buffer. Boot diagnostics are emitted via syslog so they appear unconditionally: - [w25n] BBM scan summary (new/remapped/unremapped/previously-remapped/ LUT slots used) - [w25n] W25N01GV ready line with user blocks, spare count, geometry, and actual SPI frequency - [w25n] per-remap info and warnings on runtime E-FAIL/P-FAIL paths Note: existing littlefs filesystems become unmountable because the block count shrinks from 1024 to 1000; both PX4 board init.c paths already mount with autoformat so they reformat on first boot after this change. Signed-off-by: Julian Oes <julian@oes.ch>
This commit is contained in:
Julian Oes
Michal Lenc
parent
f51052d780
commit
0c287d6f45
1 changed files with 443 additions and 13 deletions
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@ -4,12 +4,17 @@
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* Driver for Winbond W25N SPI NAND flash.
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* Currently only W25N01GV (1Gbit/128MB) is supported and tested.
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*
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* Bad block management uses the chip's built-in 20-entry hardware Bad
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* Block Management Look-Up Table (datasheet section 8.2.7). Factory bad
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* blocks are scanned at init by reading the OOB marker (byte 0 of the
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* spare area of page 0) and remapped to spares from a reserved pool at
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* the top of the array. Runtime erase/program failures (E-FAIL/P-FAIL)
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* trigger the same remap path and retry the operation once. The chip
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* routes accesses to remapped LBAs to the spare PBA transparently.
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*
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* Limitations:
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* - No bad block management (BBM). Factory bad blocks and runtime bad
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* blocks are not tracked.
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* - No bad block table (BBT) scanning at initialization.
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* - No Quad SPI support (standard SPI only).
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* - No access to spare area (64 bytes/page) or OTP region.
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* - No access to OTP region.
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*
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* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
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*
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@ -77,6 +82,8 @@
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#define W25N_PROGRAM_LOAD 0x02 /* Program load (to buffer) */
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#define W25N_PROGRAM_EXECUTE 0x10 /* Program execute (buffer to array) */
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#define W25N_BLOCK_ERASE 0xd8 /* Block erase */
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#define W25N_BBM_SWAP 0xa1 /* Bad Block Management (swap blocks) */
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#define W25N_READ_BBM_LUT 0xa5 /* Read BBM Look-Up Table */
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#define W25N_DUMMY 0x00 /* Dummy byte for SPI */
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@ -134,6 +141,22 @@
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#define W25N_BLOCK_SHIFT 17 /* 2^17 = 128KB */
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#define W25N01GV_BLOCKS 1024 /* Total blocks for 1Gbit device */
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/* Bad Block Management *****************************************************/
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/* The chip has a 20-entry hardware BBM LUT. We reserve 24 blocks at the
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* top of the array as a spare pool to remap into; 24 > 20 gives headroom
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* in case some spares are themselves factory bad. The remaining blocks
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* (W25N_USER_BLOCKS) are exposed to the upper layer.
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*/
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#define W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES 20
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#define W25N_SPARE_RESERVE 24
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#define W25N_USER_BLOCKS (W25N01GV_BLOCKS - W25N_SPARE_RESERVE)
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#define W25N_OOB_BBM_COL 2048 /* Column of bad block marker in spare */
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#define W25N_BBM_LBA_ENABLE (1 << 15)
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#define W25N_BBM_LBA_INVALID (1 << 14)
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#define W25N_BBM_BLOCK_MASK 0x03ff
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/****************************************************************************
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* Private Types
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****************************************************************************/
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@ -147,6 +170,10 @@ struct w25n_dev_s
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uint8_t blockshift; /* Block size shift (17 = 128KB) */
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uint8_t pageshift; /* Page size shift (11 = 2KB) */
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uint8_t eccstatus; /* Last ECC status */
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/* Cached copy of the chip's BBM LUT */
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uint32_t bbm[W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES];
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};
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/****************************************************************************
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@ -186,6 +213,20 @@ static int w25n_block_erase(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv, uint32_t block);
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static void w25n_enable_ecc(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv);
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static void w25n_unprotect(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv);
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/* Bad block management */
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static void w25n_read_bbm_lut(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv);
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static int w25n_bbm_swap(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv,
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uint16_t lba, uint16_t pba);
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static int w25n_read_oob_marker(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv,
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uint16_t block);
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static bool w25n_is_factory_bad(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv,
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uint16_t block);
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static uint16_t w25n_pick_free_spare(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv);
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static int w25n_remap_bad_block(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv,
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uint16_t block);
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static void w25n_scan_factory_bad(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv);
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/* MTD driver methods */
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static int w25n_erase(FAR struct mtd_dev_s *dev, off_t startblock,
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@ -584,10 +625,17 @@ static void w25n_enable_ecc(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv)
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uint8_t sr2;
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sr2 = w25n_read_status(priv, W25N_SR2_ADDR);
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sr2 |= W25N_SR2_ECCE;
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/* Enable internal ECC and force Buffer Read mode (BUF=1). The W25N01GV*T*
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* variant ships with BUF=0 (Continuous Read), in which Read Data ignores
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* the column address and always starts at byte 0 - which silently breaks
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* any read that targets a non-zero column (OOB markers, sub-page reads).
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*/
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sr2 |= W25N_SR2_ECCE | W25N_SR2_BUF;
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w25n_write_status(priv, W25N_SR2_ADDR, sr2);
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finfo("ECC enabled\n");
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finfo("ECC enabled, BUF=1\n");
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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@ -603,6 +651,324 @@ static void w25n_unprotect(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv)
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finfo("All blocks unprotected\n");
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_read_bbm_lut
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*
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* Description:
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* Read all 20 entries of the hardware Bad Block Management Look-Up Table.
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* Each entry is encoded as (lba_raw << 16) | pba_raw, where the high two
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* LBA bits are status flags (Enable, Invalid).
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* See datasheet section 8.2.8.
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*
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****************************************************************************/
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static void w25n_read_bbm_lut(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv)
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{
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int i;
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SPI_SELECT(priv->spi, SPIDEV_FLASH(priv->spi_devid), true);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, W25N_READ_BBM_LUT);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, W25N_DUMMY);
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/* Decode 4 bytes at a time straight into priv->bbm to avoid an 80-byte
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* temporary on the stack. The runtime remap path is called from the
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* logger thread and we have to keep this lean.
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*/
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for (i = 0; i < W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES; i++)
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{
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uint8_t b[4];
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SPI_RECVBLOCK(priv->spi, b, 4);
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priv->bbm[i] = ((uint32_t)b[0] << 24) |
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((uint32_t)b[1] << 16) |
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((uint32_t)b[2] << 8) |
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(uint32_t)b[3];
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}
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SPI_SELECT(priv->spi, SPIDEV_FLASH(priv->spi_devid), false);
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_bbm_swap
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*
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* Description:
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* Add an LBA->PBA link to the chip's non-volatile BBM LUT. Subsequent
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* accesses to the LBA are transparently routed to the PBA by the chip.
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*
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****************************************************************************/
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static int w25n_bbm_swap(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv,
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uint16_t lba, uint16_t pba)
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{
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int ret;
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/* Last-line sanity check: a bad LBA or PBA here would burn a LUT slot
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* permanently. Refuse to issue A1h unless LBA is in the user area and
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* PBA is in the spare pool.
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*/
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if (lba >= W25N_USER_BLOCKS ||
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pba < W25N_USER_BLOCKS || pba >= W25N01GV_BLOCKS)
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{
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ferr("ERROR: BBM swap rejected: LBA=%u PBA=%u\n", lba, pba);
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return -EINVAL;
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}
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w25n_writeenable(priv);
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SPI_SELECT(priv->spi, SPIDEV_FLASH(priv->spi_devid), true);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, W25N_BBM_SWAP);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, (lba >> 8) & 0xff);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, lba & 0xff);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, (pba >> 8) & 0xff);
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SPI_SEND(priv->spi, pba & 0xff);
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SPI_SELECT(priv->spi, SPIDEV_FLASH(priv->spi_devid), false);
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ret = w25n_waitready(priv);
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if (ret < 0)
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{
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return ret;
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}
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if (w25n_read_status(priv, W25N_SR3_ADDR) & W25N_SR3_LUTF)
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{
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finfo("BBM LUT is now full\n");
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}
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return OK;
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_read_oob_marker
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*
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* Description:
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* Read byte 0 of the spare area of the first page of `block`. The factory
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* marks bad blocks with a non-FFh value here. Returns the marker value
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* (0..255), or 0x00 if the read failed (treated as bad).
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*
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****************************************************************************/
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static int w25n_read_oob_marker(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv, uint16_t block)
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{
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uint32_t page = (uint32_t)block << 6;
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uint8_t marker = 0xff;
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int ret;
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ret = w25n_read_page(priv, page);
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if (ret < 0 && ret != -EIO)
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{
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return 0x00;
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}
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w25n_read_buffer(priv, W25N_OOB_BBM_COL, &marker, 1);
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if (ret == -EIO)
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{
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/* Uncorrectable ECC on the first page of the block: treat as bad. */
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return 0x00;
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}
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return marker;
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_is_factory_bad
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****************************************************************************/
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static bool w25n_is_factory_bad(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv, uint16_t block)
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{
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return w25n_read_oob_marker(priv, block) != 0xff;
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_pick_free_spare
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*
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* Description:
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* Find an unused, non-factory-bad block in the spare pool that is not
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* already a remap target in the LUT. Returns the block index, or
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* 0xffff if none is available.
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*
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****************************************************************************/
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static uint16_t w25n_pick_free_spare(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv)
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{
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uint16_t b;
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int i;
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for (b = W25N_USER_BLOCKS; b < W25N01GV_BLOCKS; b++)
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{
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bool taken = false;
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for (i = 0; i < W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES; i++)
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{
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uint16_t lba_raw = priv->bbm[i] >> 16;
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uint16_t pba = priv->bbm[i] & W25N_BBM_BLOCK_MASK;
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if ((lba_raw & W25N_BBM_LBA_ENABLE) &&
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!(lba_raw & W25N_BBM_LBA_INVALID) &&
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pba == b)
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{
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taken = true;
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break;
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}
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}
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if (taken)
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{
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continue;
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}
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if (w25n_is_factory_bad(priv, b))
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{
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continue;
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}
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/* Active proof that the block actually works: erase it. The factory
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* OOB marker can be missing or corrupted on a block that is still
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* unusable (worn-out, latent defect). Burning a precious LUT slot on
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* a dead spare would be permanent, so we verify before committing.
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* The spare is virgin space - erasing it has no data cost.
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*/
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if (w25n_block_erase(priv, b) != OK)
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{
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syslog(LOG_WARNING,
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"[w25n] spare %u failed erase test, skipping\n", b);
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continue;
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}
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return b;
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}
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return 0xffff;
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_remap_bad_block
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*
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* Description:
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* Allocate a spare and add a BBM LUT entry mapping `block` to it.
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* Returns OK if the chip will now route accesses to `block` to a good
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* spare, or a negative errno if no spare is available or the LUT is full.
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*
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****************************************************************************/
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static int w25n_remap_bad_block(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv, uint16_t block)
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{
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uint16_t spare;
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if (w25n_read_status(priv, W25N_SR3_ADDR) & W25N_SR3_LUTF)
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{
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ferr("ERROR: BBM LUT full, cannot remap block %u\n", block);
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return -ENOSPC;
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}
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w25n_read_bbm_lut(priv);
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spare = w25n_pick_free_spare(priv);
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if (spare == 0xffff)
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{
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ferr("ERROR: No free spare available to remap block %u\n", block);
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return -ENOSPC;
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}
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syslog(LOG_INFO, "[w25n] remap block %u -> spare %u\n", block, spare);
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return w25n_bbm_swap(priv, block, spare);
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}
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/****************************************************************************
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* Name: w25n_scan_factory_bad
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*
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* Description:
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* Scan all blocks for factory bad markers and remap any user-area bad
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* blocks via the chip's BBM LUT. Idempotent across reboots: blocks that
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* are already remapped (present in the LUT) are skipped, so repeated
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* scans don't consume LUT slots. Takes ~200 ms (1024 OOB reads).
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*
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****************************************************************************/
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static void w25n_scan_factory_bad(FAR struct w25n_dev_s *priv)
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{
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uint16_t block;
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int factory_bad = 0;
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int remapped = 0;
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int unremapped = 0;
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int already_in_lut = 0;
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int lut_used = 0;
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int i;
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w25n_read_bbm_lut(priv);
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for (i = 0; i < W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES; i++)
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{
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uint16_t lba_raw = priv->bbm[i] >> 16;
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if (lba_raw & W25N_BBM_LBA_ENABLE)
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{
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lut_used++;
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if (!(lba_raw & W25N_BBM_LBA_INVALID) &&
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(lba_raw & W25N_BBM_BLOCK_MASK) < W25N_USER_BLOCKS)
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{
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already_in_lut++;
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}
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}
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}
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for (block = 0; block < W25N_USER_BLOCKS; block++)
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{
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bool already_mapped = false;
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for (i = 0; i < W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES; i++)
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{
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uint16_t lba_raw = priv->bbm[i] >> 16;
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if ((lba_raw & W25N_BBM_LBA_ENABLE) &&
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!(lba_raw & W25N_BBM_LBA_INVALID) &&
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(lba_raw & W25N_BBM_BLOCK_MASK) == block)
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{
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already_mapped = true;
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break;
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}
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}
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if (already_mapped)
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{
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/* Already remapped on a previous boot, the chip handles routing. */
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continue;
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}
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if (!w25n_is_factory_bad(priv, block))
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{
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continue;
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}
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factory_bad++;
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if (w25n_read_status(priv, W25N_SR3_ADDR) & W25N_SR3_LUTF)
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{
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unremapped++;
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continue;
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}
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if (w25n_remap_bad_block(priv, block) == OK)
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{
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remapped++;
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}
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else
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{
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unremapped++;
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}
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||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
syslog(LOG_INFO,
|
||||
"[w25n] BBM: %d new bad blocks found (%d remapped, %d unremapped); "
|
||||
"%d previously remapped; LUT %d/%d slots used\n",
|
||||
factory_bad, remapped, unremapped, already_in_lut,
|
||||
lut_used + remapped, W25N_BBM_LUT_ENTRIES);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/****************************************************************************
|
||||
* Name: w25n_erase
|
||||
****************************************************************************/
|
||||
|
|
@ -627,7 +993,32 @@ static int w25n_erase(FAR struct mtd_dev_s *dev, off_t startblock,
|
|||
|
||||
for (i = 0; i < nblocks; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ret = w25n_block_erase(priv, startblock + i);
|
||||
uint32_t block = startblock + i;
|
||||
int attempt;
|
||||
|
||||
for (attempt = 0; attempt < 2; attempt++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ret = w25n_block_erase(priv, block);
|
||||
if (ret == OK || ret != -EIO)
|
||||
{
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Erase failed (E-FAIL). Try to remap the block to a spare and
|
||||
* retry once. The chip will route the second attempt to the
|
||||
* spare PBA transparently.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
syslog(LOG_WARNING,
|
||||
"[w25n] erase failed on block %lu, attempting remap\n",
|
||||
(unsigned long)block);
|
||||
if (w25n_remap_bad_block(priv, (uint16_t)block) != OK)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ret = -EIO;
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (ret < 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
w25n_unlock(priv);
|
||||
|
|
@ -697,12 +1088,37 @@ static ssize_t w25n_bwrite(FAR struct mtd_dev_s *dev, off_t startblock,
|
|||
for (i = 0; i < nblocks; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
uint32_t page = startblock + i;
|
||||
int attempt;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Write Enable must be set before Program Load */
|
||||
for (attempt = 0; attempt < 2; attempt++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
/* Write Enable must be set before each Program Load. */
|
||||
|
||||
w25n_writeenable(priv);
|
||||
w25n_load_buffer(priv, 0, buf + (i * W25N_PAGE_SIZE),
|
||||
W25N_PAGE_SIZE);
|
||||
ret = w25n_program_execute(priv, page);
|
||||
if (ret == OK || ret != -EIO)
|
||||
{
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Program failed (P-FAIL). Remap the underlying block and retry;
|
||||
* the chip will route the next program to the spare PBA. The
|
||||
* data buffer is reloaded above on the retry pass.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
syslog(LOG_WARNING,
|
||||
"[w25n] program failed on page %lu, "
|
||||
"remapping block %lu\n",
|
||||
(unsigned long)page, (unsigned long)(page >> 6));
|
||||
if (w25n_remap_bad_block(priv, (uint16_t)(page >> 6)) != OK)
|
||||
{
|
||||
ret = -EIO;
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
w25n_writeenable(priv);
|
||||
w25n_load_buffer(priv, 0, buf + (i * W25N_PAGE_SIZE), W25N_PAGE_SIZE);
|
||||
ret = w25n_program_execute(priv, page);
|
||||
if (ret < 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
w25n_writedisable(priv);
|
||||
|
|
@ -923,6 +1339,14 @@ FAR struct mtd_dev_s *w25n_initialize(FAR struct spi_dev_s *spi,
|
|||
|
||||
w25n_enable_ecc(priv);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Reserve the top of the array as the BBM spare pool and scan the user
|
||||
* area for factory bad blocks, remapping any we find via the chip's
|
||||
* hardware BBM LUT.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
priv->nblocks = W25N_USER_BLOCKS;
|
||||
w25n_scan_factory_bad(priv);
|
||||
|
||||
w25n_unlock(priv);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Log actual SPI frequency */
|
||||
|
|
@ -934,8 +1358,14 @@ FAR struct mtd_dev_s *w25n_initialize(FAR struct spi_dev_s *spi,
|
|||
finfo("W25N: SPI freq: requested=%lu, actual=%lu Hz\n",
|
||||
(unsigned long)CONFIG_W25N_SPIFREQUENCY,
|
||||
(unsigned long)actual_freq);
|
||||
finfo("W25N initialized: %d blocks, %d bytes/block\n",
|
||||
priv->nblocks, W25N_BLOCK_SIZE);
|
||||
|
||||
syslog(LOG_INFO,
|
||||
"[w25n] W25N01GV ready: %u user blocks (%u spare), "
|
||||
"%u bytes/block, %u total user MB, SPI %lu Hz\n",
|
||||
(unsigned)priv->nblocks, (unsigned)W25N_SPARE_RESERVE,
|
||||
(unsigned)W25N_BLOCK_SIZE,
|
||||
(unsigned)(((uint32_t)priv->nblocks * W25N_BLOCK_SIZE) >> 20),
|
||||
(unsigned long)actual_freq);
|
||||
|
||||
return &priv->mtd;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue